Kuponyera ndi imodzi mwanjira zoyambirira kwambiri zopangira chitsulo zomwe zimadziwika ndi anthu. Zimatanthawuza kutsanulira chitsulo chosungunuka muchikombole chosakanikirana ndi mphako la mawonekedwe ake, ndikupangitsa kuti chilimbe. Liti
cholimba, chinthu chachitsulo chomwe chimafunidwa chimachotsedwa pachikombole chosokonekera mwina mwa kuphwanya nkhunguyo kapena kupatula nkhunguyo. Chinthu cholimba chimatchedwa kuponyera. Izi zimatchedwanso kukhazikitsidwa
1. Mbiri Yachikhalidwe
Njira yoponyera mwina idapezeka cha m'ma 3500 BC ku Mesopotamia. M'madera ambiri padziko lapansi panthawiyi, nkhwangwa zamkuwa ndi zinthu zina zathyathyathya ankazipanga ndi matabwa kapena miyala
dongo. Zoumba izi zinali chimodzimodzi. Koma munthawi zamtsogolo, zinthu zozungulira zikafunika kupangidwa, nkhungu zoterezi zidagawika magawo awiri kapena kupitilira apo kuti zinthu zozungulira zizichotsedwa
M'badwo wa Bronze (c 2000 BC) udabweretsa zina zabwino kwambiri pakupanga. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mwina, pachimake popanga matumba abowo muzinthuzo adapangidwa. Zitsulozi zinali zopangidwa ndi dongo lophika.
Komanso, phula kapena phula lomwe linatayika limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zokongoletsa ndi ntchito yabwino.
Teknoloji yoponyera yasinthidwa bwino ndi achi China kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1500 BC. Izi zisanachitike, palibe umboni wazomwe zapezeka ku China. Sakuwoneka kuti anali opambana
Famillar ndi cire perdue process kapena kuigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri koma m'malo mwake amakhala wopanga zida zingapo zopanga ntchito zododometsa. Adakhala nthawi yayitali akukwaniritsa nkhunguyo mpaka kumapeto kwenikweni
ntchito iliyonse yomaliza inkayenera kuponyedwa kuchokera ku nkhungu. Ayenera kuti ankapanga tizidutswa tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi zidutswa zokonzedwa bwino, zokwana makumi atatu kapena kupitilira apo. M'malo mwake, zidutswa zambiri zotere zidapezeka
kulimbikitsa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja m'malo osiyanasiyana ku China.
Chitukuko cha Indus Valley chimadziwikanso chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuponyera mkuwa ndi bronze pazodzikongoletsera, zida, zida ndi ziwiya. Koma panalibe kusintha kwakukulu muukadaulo. Kuchokera pa vari
Zinthu zathu ndi mafano omwe adafukulidwa m'malo a Indus Valley, akuwoneka kuti amadziwa njira zonse zodziwika bwino monga nkhungu yotseguka, chikombole ndi zina zomwe zimachitika
Ngakhale India amadziwika kuti ndiopanga chitsulo chosungika, sizitsulo zambiri zomwe zidawoneka ku India. Pali umboni kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa chitsulo kunayamba pafupifupi 1000 BC ku Syria ndi Persia. Zikuwoneka
ukadaulo woponya chitsulo ku India wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira nthawi yakulanda kwa Alexander Wamkulu, cha m'ma 300 BC.
Chipilala chachitsulo chotchuka chomwe pano chili pafupi ndi Qutb minar ku Delhi ndi chitsanzo cha luso lazitsulo za Amwenye akale. Ili ndi kutalika kwa 7.2 m ndipo imapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka. Izi zikuganiziridwa kuti ndi za
nyengo ya Chandragupta II (375-413 AD) wamfumu ya Gupta. Kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri lachipilalachi, lomwe limayima panja panja ndi ziro ndipo ngakhale gawo lomwe lakwiriralo limachita dzimbiri pang'onopang'ono. Izi
iyenera kukhala yoyamba kuponyedwa kenako ndikukhomedwa kumapeto.
2. Ubwino ndi Zolephera
Njira yoponyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga chifukwa cha zabwino zake zambiri. Chitsulo chosungunuka chimayenderera mu gawo lililonse laling'ono mumimbamo ndipo motero, mawonekedwe aliwonse ovuta-mkati
kapena kunja-atha kupangidwa ndi njira yoponyera. Ndikothekanso kuponyera chilichonse mwanjira iliyonse kaya ndichitsulo kapena chosakhala chachitsulo. Komanso, zida zofunikira zofunika kuponyera nkhungu ndizosavuta komanso
wotchipa. Zotsatira zake, pakupanga kuyesa kapena kupanga zochepa, ndi njira yabwino. Ndizotheka pakuponyera, kuyika kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zikufunikiradi. Zotsatira zake
kuchepetsa kulemera kwa kapangidwe kungapezeke. Zoyeserera nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika mofananamo kuchokera mbali zonse chifukwa chake amayembekezeredwa kuti asakhale ndi mbali zowongolera. Pali zitsulo zina ndi gawo
zomwe zingakonzedwe kokha mwa kuponyera osati mwa njira ina iliyonse monga kulipira chifukwa cha malingaliro azitsulo. Zoyeserera zamtundu uliwonse ndi kulemera, ngakhale matani 200 atha kupangidwa.
Komabe, kulondola kwa mawonekedwe ndikumalizira kwamtunda komwe kumakwaniritsidwa ndi kuponyera mchenga sikungakhale kokwanira kugwiritsidwa ntchito komaliza nthawi zambiri. Kuti tiganizire milanduyi, ena apadera
Njira monga kupatulira kwaumbanda kwapangidwa, zomwe zidafotokozedwanso m'machaputala ena. Komanso, kuponya mchenga kumakhala kovuta pantchito pamlingo winawake motero kusintha kwakukulu kumayendetsedwa,
monga makina akamaumba ndi makina oyesera. Ndi zida zina nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa zolakwika zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha chinyezi chomwe chimapezeka mumchenga
3. Kuponya Migwirizano
M'mitu yotsatirayi kuponyedwa kwa mchenga, komwe kumayimira njira yayikulu yoponyera kudzawoneka. Musanalongosole tsatanetsatane wa ndondomekoyi, kutanthauzira mawu angapo oponya mawu kungakhale
zoyenera.
Botolo - Botolo loumba ndi lomwe limasunga mchenga wa mchenga. Kutengera malo omwe botolo limapangidwira, amatchulidwa ndi mayina osiyanasiyana monga kukoka, kupirira komanso tsaya. Amapangidwa ndi matabwa
Pazogwiritsira kwakanthawi kapena pazitsulo zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali.
Kokani - Botolo lakumunsi kotsika
Cope - Botolo lakumtunda lokwera
Tsaya - Botolo lapakatikati logwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zidutswa zitatu.
Chitsanzo - Chitsanzo ndi chithunzi cha chinthu chomaliza chomwe chingapangidwe ndi zosintha zina. Nkhungu imapangidwa ndi chithandizo.
Mzere wopatukana - Uwu ndi mzere wogawa pakati pa mabotolo awiri omwe amapanga nkhungu za mchenga. Mu njira yogawanika ndiyenso mzere wogawanitsa pakati pa magawo awiri a chitsanzocho
Pansi pa bolodi - Ili ndi bolodi lomwe limapangidwa ndi matabwa, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito koyambirira kwa nkhungu. Chitsanzocho chimasungidwa koyamba pa bolodi la pansi, mchenga umakonkhedwa pamenepo kenako kuwerenganso kumachitika
Kukumana ndi mchenga - Zochepa zazing'ono zopaka mpweya zomwe zimawazidwa mkati mwamkati mwa zotsekera kuti mupereke zomaliza pamapamwamba
Akamaumba mchenga - Ndi mwatsopano anakonza zinthu refractory ntchito kupanga nkhungu patsekeke. Ndi chisakanizo cha dongo la silika ndi chinyezi mofanana moyenera kuti mupeze zomwe mukufuna ndikuzungulira
chitsanzo popanga nkhungu.
Mchenga wothandizirana - Ndiomwe amapanga zinthu zambiri zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka mu nkhungu. Izi zimapangidwa ndi mchenga wogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso wowotcha.
Core - Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zibowo m'matumba.
Kutsanulira beseni - Kanyumba kakang'ono kooneka ngati fanasi pamwamba pa nkhungu momwe chitsulo chosungunulira chimatsanulidwira.
Spure - Ndime yomwe chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chidatsanulira chimafikira pakhungu. Nthawi zambiri imayang'anira mayendedwe azitsulo muchikombole.
Wothamanga - Njira zopita pandege zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi chitsulo chisanafike pamtunda.
Chipata - Malo olowera enieni omwe chitsulo chosungunuka chimalowera mchikombole.
Chaplet - Chaplet amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira mitima mkati mwa nkhungu kuti isamalire kulemera kwake ndikugonjetsa mphamvu zazitsulo.
Kuzizira - Kuzizira ndizinthu zachitsulo, zomwe zimayikidwa muchikombole kuti ziwonjezere kuzirala kwa zoponyera kuti zipereke yunifolomu kapena kutentha komwe kumafuna.
Riser - Ndi posungira chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimaperekedwa kuponyera kuti chitsulo chotentha chitha kubwerera mumbumba mukamachepetsa chitsulo chifukwa cholimba
4. Sand Nkhungu Kupanga Kayendesedwe
Njira zopangira mawonekedwe amchenga amafotokozedwa motere
Choyamba, bolodi lapansi limayikidwa papulatifomu kapena pansi, ndikupangitsa mawonekedwe ake kukhala ofanana. Botolo lonyamula limasungidwa mozondoka pansi ndi bolodi la
chitsanzo pakati pa botolo pa bolodi. Payenera kukhala chilolezo chokwanira pakati pa pateni ndi makoma a botolo omwe ayenera kukhala a 50 mpaka 100 mm. Mchenga woyang'ana wouma umakonkhedwa
bolodi ndi mawonekedwe kuti apereke chosanjikiza chosasunthika. Mchenga wokonzedwa mwatsopano wokonzedwa bwino tsopano umatsanulidwira ndikukoka mpaka 30 mm mpaka 50 mm. Botolo lonselo ndilo
wodzazidwa ndi mchenga wobwezeretsa komanso yovundikira yofananira mchenga. Kukhathamira kwa mchenga kuyenera kuchitidwa moyenera kuti usaumangirire molimbika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wovuta,
kapena womasuka kwambiri, kuti nkhungu isakhale ndi mphamvu zokwanira. Ramming itatha, mchenga wochuluka womwe uli mu botolo umaphwanyidwa pogwiritsa ntchito bar yolowera mpaka kumapeto kwa botolo.
Tsopano, ndi waya wotulutsa waya, womwe ndi waya wa 1-to 2-mm m'mimba mwake wokhala ndi mathero osongoka, mabowo amkati amapangidwira pakukoka kwathunthu botolo komanso pamachitidwe kuti athandizire kuchotsa mpweya panthawi yoponya
kukhazikika. Izi zimamaliza kukonzekera kukoka.
Chotsulo chomaliza chakukoka tsopano chikugulitsidwa mpaka bolodi pansi kuwulula mawonekedwe monga akuwonera pachithunzipa. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphete, mchenga m'mbali mwake umakonzedwa ndipo theka la dongosololi limayikidwa
koka yokoka, yolumikiza mothandizidwa ndi zikhomo zazitsulo. Botolo lolimbana pamwamba pa kukoka limayendanso mothandizidwa ndi zikhomo. Mchenga wouma wouma umakonkhedwa paliponse ndikukoka
Pini yachitsulo yopangira mphukira ya sprue ili patali pang'ono pafupifupi 50 mm kuchokera pachitsanzo. Komanso, pini yonyamula ngati ikufunika imasungidwa pamalo oyenera komanso mchenga watsopano wokonzedwa mofanana nawo
wa kukoka pamodzi ndi mchenga wothandizidwa amawaza. Mchengawo umathamangitsidwa bwino, mchenga wochulukirapo ndikuwombera mabowo amatuluka ponseponse mukamakoka.
Pini yachitsulo ndi pini ya e riser zimachotsedwa mosamala mu botolo. Pambuyo pake, beseni lotsanulira limadulidwa pafupi ndi pamwamba pa mphukira. Kulimbana kumasiyana ndi kukoka ndi mchenga uliwonse wosasunthika pakapangidwe kake ndi kukoka
kukoka kumawombedwa mothandizidwa ndi malipenga. Tsopano, kupirira ndi magawo amakokedwe atengeka pogwiritsa ntchito zokopa ndikung'ung'udza ndondomekoyi pozungulira kuti tikulitse pang'ono nkhungu kuti
makoma nkhungu si asokoneza ndi dongosolo mupewe. Othamanga ndi mageti amadulidwa muchikombole mosamala osawononga nkhunguyo. Mchenga uliwonse wowonjezera kapena womasuka womwe umapezeka mwa othamanga ndi nkhungu umawombedwa
kutali pogwiritsa ntchito ma bellows. Tsopano, mchenga woyang'anizanawo wokhala ngati phala umayikidwa pakhomopo ndi othamanga, omwe amapatsa omalizidwa kumaliza bwino.
Msana wouma wouma umakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi loyambira. Pambuyo kuphika koyenera, imayikidwa mu nkhungu monga momwe chithunzi. Kupirira kumasinthidwa pakukoka komwe kusamalira kuyanjana kwa awiriwo kudzera mwa
zikhomo. Kulemera koyenera kumasungidwa kuti athe kusamalira mphamvu ya metallostatic yakuthira pakuthira kwazitsulo zosungunuka. Nkhungu tsopano, monga momwe chithunzi chikuwonetsera ndi chokonzeka kuthira.
Post nthawi: Dis-25-2020