Monel 400 Nickel Based Alloy

Monel aloyi ndi Ni-based aloyi, mankhwala ake waukulu zikuchokera faifi tambala (Ni), okhutira kwambiri ndi mpaka 67%, ena waukulu mankhwala zikuchokera mkuwa (Cu), komanso lili pang'ono chitsulo (Fe) , manganese (Mn) ndi carbon (C), silicon (Si) ndi zinthu zina.

Mphamvu ya alloy ya Monel ndi yapamwamba kuposa ya faifi tambala, ndipo imatha kupirira kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo madzi a m'nyanja othamanga kwambiri. Njira zogwirira ntchito za Monel alloy zimaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito kotentha, kuzizira, kukonza makina ndi kuwotcherera.

Mu 1901, Robert Crooks Stanley, metallurgist ku International Nickel Company (INCO), anapanga aloyi ya Monel.

Gwero la dzina la aloyi la Monel likuchokera pazidziwitso zopereka msonkho kwa wapampando wa kampaniyo Ambrose Monell (Ambrose Monell). Pambuyo pake, a Stanley anakhalanso tcheyamani wa International Nickel Corporation. Monel alloy inapatsidwa patent mu 1906.

Monel alloy ndi aloyi okwera mtengo omwe mtengo wake ndi 5-10 nthawi ya mkuwa wangwiro ndi faifi tambala. Choncho, amangogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu omwe sangathe kusinthidwa ndi njira zotsika mtengo.

 

Chemical Compostion and Mechanicl Properties of Monel 400 Alloy (N0440):

 

Mapangidwe a Chemical a Monel 400 Aloyi (%)
C ≤	Ndi ≤	Mn ≤	P ≤	S ≤	Cr ≥	Ndi ≥	Mo ≥	Ku ≤
0.3	0.5	2	-	0.024	-	63	-	28.0-34.0
Ena	N ≤	A l≤	Ti ≤	F e≤	Co ≤	V ≤	W ≤	Ndi ≤
	-	-	-	2.5	-	-	-	-

1. Monel 400 (N04400) alloy tensile mphamvu: σb ≥ 450 Mpa.
2. Monel 400 (N04400) alloy zokolola mphamvu: σb ≥ 170 Mpa.
3. Monel 400 (N04400) aloyi elongation: δ ≥ 30%.

 

Makhalidwe a Monel Alloy

Monel alloy ndi njira yolimba ya binary alloy. Popeza Ni ndi Cu amasungunuka wina ndi mzake, ndi aloyi wagawo limodzi. Poyerekeza ndi chitsulo, machining a Monel aloyi ndi kovuta, makamaka chifukwa chachangu ntchito kuumitsa makhalidwe. Pamafunika kutembenukira pa liwiro otsika ndi otsika chakudya mitengo.

Kuchuluka kwa Monel alloy 400 ndi 8.80 g/cm3, kutentha kosungunuka ndi 1300 ~ 1350 °C, ma conductivity ndi pafupifupi 34% IACS (IACS imatanthawuza International Standard Conductivity of Annealed Copper), ndipo kuuma kwamtengo wapatali ndi 65. HRB. Monel alloy 400 imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kulimba kwake ndipo imatha kusunga kulimba kumeneku pakutentha kwambiri.

Ikhoza kupirira dzimbiri zosiyanasiyana zidulo ndi alkalis, ndipo ena aloyi a Monel akhoza ngakhale kupirira koyera kuyaka mpweya. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo owononga kwambiri. Monel aloyi K-500 anapanga pambuyo kuwonjezera pang'ono zotayidwa (Al) ndi titaniyamu (Ti) ali chimodzimodzi kukana dzimbiri monga Monel aloyi 400 koma mphamvu apamwamba, amene makamaka chifukwa cha mapangidwe γ'gawo pa ukalamba mankhwala. Nthawi zonse, aloyi ya Monel ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Monel alloy 400 imatha kukhalabe ndi makina abwino kwambiri pansi pa ziro. Ngakhale mphamvu ndi kuuma zidzawonjezeka, pulasitiki kapena kulimba kumachepa pang'ono. Ngakhale utakhazikika mu madzi wa hydrogen, aloyi sangalowe ductile-Chimaona kusintha. Uku ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa aloyi ya Monel ndi zitsulo zachitsulo (zitsulo ndi chitsulo) zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kochepa.

Monel alloy imakhala yabwino kukana dzimbiri m'malo ambiri, koma imakonda kuchita dzimbiri ikakumana ndi madzi amchere; silingathe kupirira dzimbiri TV munali nitric okusayidi, asidi nitric, sulfure dioxide ndi hypochlorite. Kugwiritsa ntchito aloyi ya Monel kungayambitsenso kuwonongeka kwa electrochemical. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamene zomangira zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, zinki kapena chitsulo zimagwirizana ndi Monel alloy, pansi pazifukwa zina (monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi a m'nyanja othamanga kwambiri), kumangirira zitsulo Zigawozi zidzawonongeka mwamsanga.

 

Kugwiritsa ntchito Monel alloy

Zamlengalenga
M’zaka za m’ma 1960. Monel alloy yapambana maoda ambiri pantchito yomanga ndi kupanga ndege. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga fuselage ndi khungu la ndege zoyeserera. Mwachitsanzo, North America X-15 ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupirira kutentha kwakukulu kobwera chifukwa cha kukangana kwa ndege paulendo wothamanga kwambiri. Monel alloy imathabe kukhalabe ndi mphamvu pakatentha kwambiri, kulola kuti isunge mawonekedwe ake okhazikika pama liwiro apamwamba amlengalenga. Panthawi yokonza ndege, alloy ya Monel imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati waya wotsekera m'malo otentha kwambiri kuti atsimikizire kuti zomangira zatsekedwa; pazifukwa zachuma, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri loko mawaya nthawi zambiri ntchito m'madera ena.

Kuchotsa Mafuta ndi Kuyeretsa
Monel amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magawo omwe amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi hydrofluoric acid mu gawo la alkylation. Monel alloy kukana kodabwitsa kwa hydrofluoric acid corrosion ndikodabwitsa. Ikhoza kupirira ndende zonse za hydrofluoric acid, ndipo kutentha kumatha kufika pamtunda wowira wa hydrofluoric acid. Izi zitha kukhala zakuthupi zomwe zimalimbana bwino kwambiri ndi dzimbiri pakati pa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Monel alloy amathanso kupirira dzimbiri zosiyanasiyana sulfides ndi hydrochloric acid mu kuchepetsa chilengedwe.

Marine Engineering
Kulimbana ndi dzimbiri kwa Monel alloy kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito panyanja, monga mapaipi, mitsinje yapampu, mavavu am'nyanja, mizere yopha nsomba, ndi zosefera mabasiketi. Ma aloyi ena a Monel sakhala ndi maginito, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zingwe za nangula za osesa migodi ndi nyumba zopangira zida zoyezera maginito. Pa ma yachts, waya wa alloy wa Monel amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka maunyolo a nangula. Monel alloy amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga matanki amadzi ndi matanki amafuta ndi zida zina zapansi pamadzi, monga ma propeller shafts ndi ma keel bolts.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chifukwa cha vuto la electrochemical corrosion (bimetallic corrosion) m'madzi a m'nyanja, alloy ya Monel iyenera kukhala yolekanitsidwa ndi zitsulo zina (monga zitsulo) panthawi yomanga zombo. The New York Times inafalitsidwa pa August 25, 1915. Nkhani ina mu ” inanena za ngozi ya boti lalitali mamita 215: “Boti yoyamba imene chikopa chake chinapangidwa ndi alloy ya Monel chinasinthidwa kukhala zidutswa m’milungu isanu ndi umodzi yokha ndipo inapangidwa. kukakamizidwa kusiya." Chifukwa cha corrosion ya electrochemical, chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha yacht chinakokoloka mwamsanga ndi kupatulira pambuyo pokhudzana ndi alloy ya Monel, zomwe pamapeto pake zinapangitsa kuti pansi pa botiyo kugwe. Pankhani ya kafukufuku wa mbalame za m’nyanja, makamaka kusankha zipangizo za mphete yozindikiritsa mapazi a mbalame, mphete yozindikiritsa mapazi a mbalame yopangidwa ndi aloyi ya Monel yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mitundu yambiri ya mbalame za m’nyanja, monga ma albatross okhala m’malo owononga madzi a m’nyanja.

Chida Choyimba
Monel alloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zapamwamba zoimbira pistoni kapena ma rotor, monga nyanga zazing'ono, zazikulu ndi zaku France. RotoSound inagwiritsa ntchito alloy ya Monel kupanga zingwe zagitala zamagetsi mu 1962. Zingwezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ojambula ambiri. Mu 2017, kampani ya zingwe ya D'Addario (kampani ya zingwe ya D'Addario) idatulutsa zida za zingwe za violin, zomwenso ndi zingwe zozungulira mabala okhala ndi aloyi ya Monel pazingwe za D ndi G.

 

Ntchito Zina
Ma tag opangidwa ndi Monel alloy (Ma tag agalu a asitikali aku America pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse)

Kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa ma acid osiyanasiyana ndi okosijeni kumapangitsa Monel alloy kukhala chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri pamakampani opanga mankhwala. Zochitika zina zogwiritsira ntchito monga:
1. Kuchulukitsa kwa uranium, mapaipi ambiri akulu akulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga uranium hexafluoride amapangidwa ndi aloyi ya Monel;
2. Vavu yoyang'anira kuthamanga kwambiri komanso gasi wamphamvu wabotolo (monga HCl);
3. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, aloyi ya Monel inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamoto wotentha kwambiri wa seti za jenereta za nthunzi;
4. Monel alloy imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga masinki akukhitchini ndi mafelemu owonera;
5. Chipinda choyaka chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira chubu choyatsira;
6. Moyo wa mapangidwe a Clock of Long Now ndi zaka 10,000. Poganizira kuti palibe zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mbali zina za wotchi zimapangidwa ndi zinthu za Monel alloy potengera nkhawa za kukana dzimbiri.