Zipangizo zopangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga uinjiniya chifukwa chakukula kwawo, makina osiyanasiyana komanso mtengo wotsika. Komabe, zinthu zopanda feri zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamafunso osiyanasiyana azinthu zawo poyerekeza ndi ma alloys akakhala osayera ngakhale anali okwera mtengo kwambiri. Makina ofunikira amatha kupezeka muzitsulo izi mwa kuumitsa ntchito, kuumitsa zaka, ndi zina zambiri, koma osati kudzera munjira yothandizira kutentha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zopangira. Zina mwazinthu zosapanga dzimbiri zopatsa chidwi ndi aluminium, mkuwa, zinc, ndi magnesium
1. Aluminiyamu
Pazitsulo zonse zopanda mafuta, zotayidwa ndi alloys ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Zina mwazinthu za aluminium yoyera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo waukadaulo ndi:
1) Kutentha kwabwino kwambiri (0.53 cal / cm / C)
2) Kuchita bwino kwamagetsi (376 600 / ohm / cm)
3) Kuchulukitsitsa kocheperako (2.7 g / cm)
4) Malo osungunuka otsika (658C)
5) Wabwino kukana dzimbiri
6) Sizowopsa.
7) Ili ndi chimodzi mwazowoneka bwino kwambiri (85 mpaka 95%) komanso kutsika pang'ono (4 mpaka 5%)
8) Ndiofewa kwambiri komanso ductile chifukwa chake ili ndi zida zabwino kwambiri zopangira.
Zina mwazomwe amagwiritsa ntchito aluminiyumu yoyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito pama conductor amagetsi, ma radiator fin zipangizo, ma unit a zowongolera mpweya, zowunikira zowala ndi zowunikira, ndi zojambulazo ndi zida zopangira.
Ngakhale zili choncho pamwambapa, zotayidwa zenizeni sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha zovuta izi:
1) Ili ndi mphamvu zochepa (65 MPa) ndi kuuma (20 BHN)
2. Ndizovuta kwambiri kutulutsa kapena kusungunula.
Makina azitsulo za aluminiyamu atha kukonzedwa bwino kwambiri potengera alloying. Zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi mkuwa, manganese, silicon, faifi tambala ndi zinc.
Aluminiyamu ndi mkuwa amapanga mankhwalawa CuAl2. Pamwamba pa kutentha kwa 548 C imasungunuka kwathunthu mu zotayidwa zamadzi. Izi zikazimitsidwa komanso okalamba (atagwira nthawi yayitali 100 - 150C), aloyi wolimba amapezeka. CuAl2, yomwe siili okalamba ilibe nthawi yoti izitha kuyambiranso pazitsulo zolimba za aluminiyamu ndi mkuwa motero ili pamalo osakhazikika (okhathamira kwambiri pakanyumba kanyumba). Kukalamba kumapangitsa kuti CuAl2 ikhale ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa kulimba kwa aloyi. Izi zimatchedwa kuumitsa yankho.
Zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizofika 7% magnesium, mpaka 1. 5% manganese, mpaka 13% silicon, mpaka 2% nickel, mpaka 5% zinc mpaka 1.5% chitsulo. Kuphatikiza pa izi, titaniyamu, chromium ndi columbium amathanso kuwonjezeredwa pang'ono. Kapangidwe kazinthu zina zopangika ndi aluminiyamu zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kuponyera mpaka muyaya amaperekedwa mu Gulu 2. 10 ndimachitidwe awo. Makina omwe amayembekezeredwa pazinthu izi ataponyedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zosatha kapena kuponyera kufa kumawonetsedwa mu Gulu 2.1
2. Mkuwa
Mofanana ndi aluminium, mkuwa wangwiro umapezanso ntchito zambiri chifukwa cha zotsatirazi
1) Magwiridwe amagetsi amkuwa oyera ndi okwera (5.8 x 105 / ohm / cm) mu mawonekedwe ake oyera. Kusayera kulikonse kochepa kumatsitsa madutsidwe ake kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, 0,1% ya phosphorous amachepetsa madutsidwe ndi 40%.
2) Ili ndi matenthedwe otentha kwambiri (0. 92 cal / cm / C)
3) Ndi chitsulo cholemera (mphamvu yokoka 8.93)
4) Itha kuphatikizidwa mosavuta ndikumangirira
5) Amatsutsa dzimbiri,
6) Ili ndi utoto wosangalatsa.
Mkuwa woyenga amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga waya wamagetsi, mipiringidzo yamabasi, zingwe zotumizira, ma tubing a firiji ndi maipi.
Makina azitsulo zamkuwa m'malo ake oyera sizabwino kwenikweni. Ndi yofewa komanso yofooka. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopindulitsa kukonza makina. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinc, malata, lead ndi phosphorous.
Alloys amkuwa ndi zinc amatchedwa brass. Ndi zinc yokhala ndi 39%, mkuwa umapanga gawo limodzi (α-phase) dongosolo. Kasakaniza wazitsulo amenewa ductility mkulu. Mtundu wa aloyi umakhalabe wofiira mpaka 20%, koma kupitirira pamenepo umakhala wachikasu. Gawo lachiwiri lotchedwa β-gawo limapezeka pakati pa 39 mpaka 46% ya zinc. Kwenikweni ndi chophatikizira chachitsulo cha CuZn chomwe chimayambitsa kuuma kowonjezereka. Mphamvu ya mkuwa imakulanso pamene ma manganese ndi faifi tambala awonjezeredwa.
Zipangizo zamkuwa zamkuwa ndi malata amatchedwa bronzes. Kuuma ndi kulimba kwa mkuwa kumachulukirachulukira m'matini. Ductility imachepetsedwanso ndikuwonjezeka kwa magawo a malata pamwambapa 5. Pamene zotayidwa zimaphatikizidwanso (4 mpaka 11%), aloyi omwe amatuluka amatchedwa bronze wa aluminiyamu, womwe umakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yolimbana ndi dzimbiri. Bronzes ndiokwera mtengo poyerekeza ndi brass chifukwa chakupezeka kwa malata omwe ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali.
3. Zitsulo Zina Zopanda Zipangizo
Nthaka
Zinc imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu uinjiniya chifukwa cha kutentha kwake kosungunuka (419.4 C) komanso kukana kwakukulu kwa dzimbiri, komwe kumawonjezera ndi kuyera kwa zinc. Kukana kwa dzimbiri kumayambitsidwa ndikupanga chovala choteteza oxide pamwamba. Ntchito zazikulu za zinc zili mu galvanizing kuteteza zitsulo ku dzimbiri, makina osindikizira komanso kuponyera kufa.
Zoyipa za zinc ndizovuta zamankhwala zomwe zimawonetsedwa m'malo opunduka, kusakhazikika kwamphamvu pakukalamba, kuchepa kwamphamvu pakatentha kocheperako komanso kutengeka ndi kutupa kwapakati pa granular. Sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito potengera kutentha kwa 95 C chifukwa zimayambitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwamphamvu ndi kuuma.
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pompopompo ndi chifukwa kumafunikira kutsika pang'ono, komwe kumabweretsa moyo wakufa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma alloys ena omwe amaponyedwa. Komanso, ili ndi makina osangalatsa kwambiri. Mapeto omwe amapezeka ndi zinc diecasting nthawi zambiri amakhala okwanira kuvomerezanso kukonzanso kwina, kupatula kuchotsedwa kwa kung'anima komwe kulipo mgulu logawa.
Mankhwala enaake a
Chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kopepuka komanso mphamvu zamagetsi, ma alloys a magnesium amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu kwambiri. Kuuma komweku, ma alloys a magnesium amafunikira 37. 2% yokha ya kulemera kwa chitsulo cha C25 potero amapulumutsa kulemera. Zinthu ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aluminium ndi zinc. Alloys a magnesiamu amatha kuponyedwa mchenga, kuponyedwa kosatha kapena kufa. Katundu wa zigawo za mchenga woponyedwa ndi magnesium ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhungu aziponyera kapena kufa. Zipangizo zopangidwira kufa zomwe zimagwirizana zimakhala ndi mkuwa wochuluka kuti zizipangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zazing'ono kuti muchepetse mtengo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira matayala agalimoto, timatumba tating'onoting'ono, ndi zina zambiri. Zomwe zili pamwamba, zimakulitsa mphamvu zama makina azitsulo zama magnesiamu monga zinthu zokulungiza komanso zopangira. Ma alloys a magnesium amatha kutentheredwa mosavuta ndi njira zambiri zowotcherera. Chida chofunikira kwambiri cha magnesium alloys ndikutheka kwawo. Amangofunika pafupifupi 15% yamphamvu yamagetsi poyerekeza ndi chitsulo chochepa cha kaboni.
Post nthawi: Dis-18-2020