Kuponya ndi imodzi mwa njira zakale kwambiri zopangira zitsulo zomwe zimadziwika kwa anthu. Nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kuthira chitsulo chosungunula mu nkhungu yokanira yokhala ndi kabowo kakang'ono kamene kamapangidwira, ndikulola kuti ikhale yolimba. Liticholimba, chinthu chofunidwa chachitsulo chimachotsedwa mu nkhungu yokanira mwina mwa kuswa nkhungu kapena kuchotsa nkhunguyo. Chinthu cholimba chimatchedwa kuponyera. Njirayi imatchedwanso kukhazikitsidwa, ndipo fakitale yamakono yomwe ikuyang'ana pazitsulo zoponyera zimatchedwamaziko.
1. Mbiri Yakuponya Njira
Njira yoponyayi mwina idapezeka cha m'ma 3500 BC ku Mesopotamiya. M’madera ambiri padziko lapansi panthawiyo, nkhwangwa zamkuwa ndi zinthu zina zathyathyathya ankazipanga ndi miyala kapena kuziwotcha.dongo. Izi nkhungu zinali kwenikweni mu chidutswa chimodzi. Koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, pamene zinthu zozungulira zinkafunika kupangidwa, nkhungu zoterezi zinkagawanika kukhala magawo awiri kapena kuposerapo kuti zinthuzo zichotsedwe.M'badwo wa Bronze (c 2000 BC) udabweretsa kuwongolera kwambiri pakuponya. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mwina, maziko opangira matumba opanda kanthu muzinthu adapangidwa. Miyendo imeneyi inali yopangidwa ndi dongo lowotcha.Komanso, cire perdue kapena ndondomeko yotayika ya sera idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zokongoletsera ndi ntchito zabwino.
Ukadaulo wakuponya wasinthidwa kwambiri ndi aku China kuyambira 1500 BC. Izi zisanachitike, palibe umboni wa ntchito yoponya yomwe idapezeka ku China. Iwo sakuwoneka kuti anali aakulufamillar ndi njira ya cire perdue kapena kuigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri koma m'malo mwake idapangidwa mwapadera pamapangidwe amitundu yambiri kuti apange ntchito zovuta kwambiri. Anakhala nthawi yambiri akukonza nkhungu mpaka tsatanetsatane womaliza kotero kuti nkomwentchito iliyonse yomaliza inkafunika kuumba kuchokera ku nkhungu. Iwo mwina anapanga nkhungu za zidutswa zokhala ndi zidutswa zoikidwa bwino, zokwana makumi atatu kapena kuposerapo. Ndipotu pali zinthu zambiri zimene amaumba ngati zimenezikukumba zofukulidwa m'mabwinja m'madera osiyanasiyana a China.
Indus Valley Civilization imadziwikanso ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuponyera zamkuwa ndi mkuwa pazodzikongoletsera, zida, zida ndi ziwiya. Koma panalibe kusintha kochuluka muukadaulo. Kuchokera ku various zinthu ndi zifanizo zomwe zinafukulidwa ku malo a Indus Valley, zikuwoneka kuti zimadziwika bwino ndi njira zonse zodziwika zoponyera monga nkhungu yotseguka, nkhungu yachidutswa ndi ndondomeko ya cire perdue.
Ngakhale kuti dziko la India likhoza kutchulidwa kuti linapanga zitsulo zopangira zitsulo, palibe zambiri zachitsulo zomwe zinkawonekera ku India. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti chitsulo chinayambika cha m’ma 1000 BC ku Syria ndi Perisiya. Zikuwonekakutikuponya chitsuloteknoloji ku India yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira nthawi za kuukira kwa Alexander Wamkulu, pafupifupi 300 BC.
Chipilala chachitsulo chodziwika bwino chomwe pano chili pafupi ndi Qutb minar ku Delhi ndi chitsanzo cha luso lazitsulo la Amwenye akale. Ndi 7.2 m kutalika ndipo ndi yopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosasunthika. Izi zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi zaNthawi ya Chandragupta II (375-413 AD) ya ufumu wa Gupta. Kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kwa chipilalachi, chomwe chili panja panja n'chakuti ziro ndipo ngakhale gawo lokwiriridwalo likuchita dzimbiri pang'onopang'ono. Iziziyenera kuti zidayamba kuponyedwa kenako ndikumenyedwa mpaka pomaliza.
2. Ubwino ndi Zolepheretsa
Njira yoponyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga chifukwa cha zabwino zake zambiri. Zinthu zosungunuka zimalowa m'kagawo kakang'ono kakang'ono ka nkhungu ndipo motero, mawonekedwe aliwonse ovuta - amkatikapena zakunja - zitha kupangidwa ndi njira yoponyera. Ndizotheka kuponya pafupifupi zinthu zilizonse zachitsulo kapena zopanda chitsulo. Komanso, zida zofunika zofunika poponya nkhungu ndi zosavuta komansozotsika mtengo. Zotsatira zake, pakupanga mayeso kapena kupanga pang'ono pang'ono, ndi njira yabwino. Ndizotheka pakuponya, kuyika kuchuluka kwazinthu komwe kumafunikira ndendende. Zotsatira zakekuchepetsa kulemera kwapangidwe kungatheke.CastingsNthawi zambiri amazizidwa mofanana kuchokera kumbali zonse choncho amayembekezeka kuti alibe mayendedwe. Pali zitsulo zina ndi aloyizomwe zitha kukonzedwa ndi kuponyera osati ndi njira ina iliyonse monga kupangira chifukwa chazitsulo. Kuponyedwa kwa kukula ndi kulemera kulikonse, ngakhale matani 200 akhoza kupangidwa.
Komabe, kulondola kwake komanso kutha kwapamwamba kumatheka mwachibadwakuponya mchengasizingakhale zokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito komaliza nthawi zambiri. Kutengera milandu imeneyi kuganizira, kuponya kwapaderanjira monga diecasting zapangidwa, tsatanetsatane wake waperekedwa m'mitu yotsatira. Komanso, njira yopangira mchenga imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri pamlingo wina ndipo chifukwa chake zosintha zambiri zimayang'ana pa izo,monga makina akamaumba ndi foundry mechanization. Ndi zipangizo zina zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa zolakwika zomwe zimachokera ku chinyezi chomwe chilipomchenga castings.
3. Kutaya Terms
M'mitu yotsatirayi mwatsatanetsatane za kuponya mchenga, zomwe zikuyimira njira yoyamba yopangira mchenga. Asanalowe tsatanetsatane wa ndondomekoyi, kutanthauzira mawu angapo oponyera mawu kungakhalezoyenera.
Botolo- Botolo lopangira ndi lomwe limasunga nkhungu yamchenga. Kutengera malo a botolo mu mawonekedwe a nkhungu, amatchulidwa ndi mayina osiyanasiyana monga kuukoka, kupirira ndi tsaya. Amapangidwa ndi matabwantchito kwakanthawi kapena zambiri zazitsulo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yayitali.
Kokani- Botolo lopangira m'munsi
Kupirira- Botolo lakumanga lapamwamba
Tsaya- Botolo lopangira lapakati lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zidutswa zitatu.
Chitsanzo- Chitsanzo ndi chithunzi cha chinthu chomaliza chomwe chiyenera kupangidwa ndi zosintha zina. Mphuno ya nkhungu imapangidwa ndi chithandizo cha chitsanzo.
Mzere wolekanitsa- Uwu ndiye mzere wogawa pakati pa ma flasks awiri opangira omwe amapanga nkhungu yamchenga. Mu chitsanzo chogawanika ndi mzere wogawa pakati pa magawo awiri a chitsanzo
Pansi Board- Ili ndi bolodi lomwe nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi matabwa, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira kupanga nkhungu. Chitsanzocho chimasungidwa poyamba pa bolodi la pansi, mchenga umawaza pamenepo ndiyeno ramming ikuchitika mukukoka.
Kuyang'ana Mchenga- Kachulukidwe kakang'ono kakang'ono ka kaboni kowazidwa mkati mwa mbiya yowumba kuti apereke kutha kwapamwamba kwa zoponya.
Mchenga Woumba- Ndizinthu zokanizidwa kumene zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nkhungu. Ndi chisakanizo cha dongo la silika ndi chinyezi munjira yoyenera kuti mupeze zotsatira zomwe mukufuna ndipo chimazungulirachitsanzo pamene akupanga nkhungu.
Mchenga Wothandizira- Ndizomwe zimapanga zinthu zambiri zokanira zomwe zimapezeka mu nkhungu. Izi zimapangidwa ndi mchenga wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wowotchedwa.
Kwambiri- Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mazenera opanda kanthu m'ma castings.
Kutsanulira Basin- Kabowo kakang'ono kooneka ngati funnel pamwamba pa nkhungu momwe chitsulo chosungunuka chimathiridwamo.
Spure- Njira yomwe chitsulo chosungunula kuchokera mu beseni yothira chikafika pa nkhungu. Nthawi zambiri imayendetsa kayendedwe kazitsulo mu nkhungu.
Wothamanga- Njira zodutsamo zomwe zitsulo zosungunuka zimayendetsedwa zisanafike pa nkhungu.
Geti- Malo enieni olowera omwe zitsulo zosungunuka zimalowa mu nkhungu.
Chaplet- Ma Chaplets amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira ma cores mkati mwa nkhungu kuti asamalire kulemera kwake ndikugonjetsa mphamvu za metallostatic.
Kuzizira- Kuzizira ndi zinthu zachitsulo, zomwe zimayikidwa mu nkhungu kuti ziwonjezeke kuziziritsa kwa castings kuti apereke yunifolomu kapena kuzirala komwe akufuna.
Wokwera- Ndilo nkhokwe yachitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimaperekedwa poponyera kuti zitsulo zotentha zibwererenso mu nkhungu pamene kuchepa kwachitsulo chifukwa cha kulimba
4. Njira Yopangira Mchenga Mould
Njira yopangira nkhungu yamchenga ikufotokozedwa motere:
Choyamba, bolodi lapansi limayikidwa kapena pa nsanja yopangira kapena pansi, kupanga pamwamba. Botolo lopangira kukoka limasungidwa mozondoka pansi pa bolodi limodzi ndi kukoka gawo lachitsanzo pakatikati pa botolo pa bolodi. Payenera kukhala chilolezo chokwanira pakati pa chitsanzo ndi makoma a botolo omwe ayenera kukhala a dongosolo la 50 mpaka 100 mm. Mchenga woyang'ana wouma umawazidwabolodi ndi chitsanzo kupereka wosanjikiza wosanjikiza. Mchenga wopangidwa mwatsopano wamtundu wofunikira tsopano umatsanuliridwa mu kukoka ndi pateni mpaka makulidwe a 30 mpaka 50 mm. Zina zonse zokoka botolo ndiwodzazidwa kwathunthu ndi mchenga zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi uniformly rammed kuti compact mchenga. Kuthamanga kwa mchenga kuyenera kuchitidwa moyenera kuti musamangirire molimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wovuta,kapena kumasuka kwambiri, kotero kuti nkhungu isakhale ndi mphamvu zokwanira. Pambuyo pa ramming, mchenga wochuluka mu botolo umachotsedwa kwathunthu pogwiritsa ntchito kapamwamba mpaka kufika pamphepete mwa botolo.
Tsopano, ndi waya wotulukira mpweya, womwe ndi waya wa 1 mpaka 2-mm m'mimba mwake wokhala ndi malekezero olunjika, mabowo amapangidwa pokokera mpaka kukuya kwathunthu kwa botolo komanso patani kuti athetse kuchotsedwa kwa mpweya. pa kuponyakulimbitsa. Izi zimamaliza kukonzekera kukoka.
Botolo lomalizidwa kukoka tsopano likukulungidwa pansi pa bolodi ndikuwulula chitsanzo monga momwe chikuwonekera pachithunzichi. Pogwiritsa ntchito slick, m'mphepete mwa mchenga kuzungulira pataniyo amakonzedwa ndipo theka la chitsanzocho limayikidwa pamwamba.ndondomeko yokoka, kuigwirizanitsa mothandizidwa ndi zikhomo za dowel. Botolo la cope pamwamba pa kukoka kuli kugwirizanitsa kachiwiri mothandizidwa ndi zikhomo. Mchenga wolekanitsa wowuma umawazidwa ponseponse pokoka ndi pateni.
Pini ya sprue yopangira ndime ya sprue ili pamtunda wawung'ono wa pafupifupi 50 mm kuchokera pachithunzicho. Komanso, pini ya ariser ngati ikufunika imasungidwa pamalo oyenera komanso mchenga wowumbidwa mwatsopano wofanana ndi womwewowa kukokera pamodzi ndi kum'chirikiza mchenga ndi kuwaza. Mchengawo umakulungidwa bwino, mchenga wochulukira umaphwanyidwa ndi maenje otuluka amapangidwa ponseponse panjira monga momwe amakokera.
Pini ya sprue ndi pini yokwera imachotsedwa mosamala mu botolo. Pambuyo pake, beseni lothira limadulidwa pafupi ndi pamwamba pa sprue. The cope anasiyanitsidwa ndi kuukoka ndi aliyense lotayirira mchenga pa kulimbana ndi kuukoka mawonekedwemphuno imachotsedwa ndi chithandizo chamankhwala. Tsopano, ma halves olimbana ndi kukoka amachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma spikes ndikumangirira pateni mozungulira kuti akulitse pang'ono nkhungu kutimakoma nkhungu si kuonongeka ndi achire chitsanzo. Othamanga ndi zipata amadulidwa mu nkhungu mosamala popanda kuwononga nkhungu. Mchenga uliwonse wochuluka kapena wosasunthika womwe umapezeka mu othamanga ndi nkhungu umawombedwakutali pogwiritsa ntchito mavuvu. Tsopano, mchenga woyang'ana mu mawonekedwe a phala umagwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse pa nkhungu ndi othamanga, zomwe zingapereke kuponyedwa komalizidwa bwino pamwamba.
Mchenga wouma umakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi lapakati. Pambuyo kuphika koyenera, imayikidwa mu nkhungu monga momwe tawonetsera pa chithunzi. The cope m'malo pa kuukoka kusamalira mayikidwe awiri mwa njira yazikhomo. Kulemera koyenera kumasungidwa pakulimbana kuti asamalire mphamvu ya metallostatic yokwera pakutsanula chitsulo chosungunuka. The nkhungu tsopano, monga momwe chithunzi ndi wokonzeka kuthira.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-25-2020