Zopanda Zitsulo Zoponya

Zitsulo zachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga uinjiniya chifukwa chapamwamba, kuchuluka kwamakina komanso kutsika mtengo. Komabe, zitsulo zosakhala ndi chitsulo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana poyerekezera ndi ma aloyi achitsulo ngakhale amakwera mtengo. Zomwe zimafunidwa zamakina zitha kupezedwa mu ma aloyi awa poumitsa ntchito, kuumitsa zaka, ndi zina, koma osati kudzera munjira zochizira kutentha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zachitsulo. Zina mwazinthu zazikulu zopanda chitsulo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi aluminiyumu, mkuwa, zinki, ndi magnesium

1. Aluminiyamu

Pazitsulo zonse zopanda chitsulo, aluminiyamu ndi ma alloys ake ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Zina mwazinthu za aluminiyamu yoyera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani opanga uinjiniya ndi:

• 1) Kutentha kwabwino kwambiri (0.53 cal/cm/C)
• 2) Madulidwe abwino kwambiri amagetsi (376 600/ohm/cm)
• 3) Kachulukidwe kochepa (2.7 g/cm)
• 4) Malo osungunuka (658C)
• 5) Kukana kwabwino kwa dzimbiri
• 6) Ndi zopanda poizoni.
• 7) Ili ndi chimodzi mwazowoneka bwino kwambiri (85 mpaka 95%) komanso mpweya wochepa kwambiri (4 mpaka 5%).
• 8) Ndiwofewa kwambiri komanso ductile chifukwa chake imakhala ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira.

Zina mwazinthu zomwe aluminiyamu yoyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi ma kondakita amagetsi, zida zopangira ma radiator, zoyatsira mpweya, zowunikira komanso zowunikira, ndi zojambulazo ndi zopakira.

Ngakhale zili zothandiza pamwambapa, aluminiyamu yoyera sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha zovuta zotsatirazi:

• 1) Ili ndi mphamvu zochepa (65 MPa) ndi kuuma (20 BHN)
• 2. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuwotcherera kapena solder.

Mawotchi a aluminiyumu amatha kusintha kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito alloying. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mkuwa, manganese, silicon, nickel ndi zinki.

Aluminiyamu ndi mkuwa zimapanga mankhwala a CuAl2. Pamwamba pa kutentha kwa 548 C imasungunuka kwathunthu mu aluminiyamu yamadzimadzi. Izi zitazimitsidwa ndikukalamba mochita kupanga (kugwira kwanthawi yayitali pa 100 - 150C), aloyi yowumitsidwa imapezeka. CuAl2, yomwe siinakalamba ilibe nthawi yothira madzi kuchokera muzitsulo zolimba za aluminiyamu ndi mkuwa ndipo motero ili pamalo osakhazikika (yodzaza kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa chipinda). Kukalamba kumayambitsa tinthu tating'ono ta CuAl2, zomwe zimayambitsa kulimbitsa kwa alloy. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa njira yothetsera vutoli.

Zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magnesiamu 7%, manganese 1.5%, silicon mpaka 13%, nickel 2%, zinc mpaka 5% ndi chitsulo 1.5%. Kupatula izi, titaniyamu, chromium ndi columbium zitha kuwonjezeredwanso pang'ono. Mapangidwe a zosakaniza za aluminiyamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powumba kosatha ndi kuponyera kufa zimaperekedwa mu Table 2.10 ndi ntchito zawo. Makina omwe amayembekezeredwa ndi zida izi zitapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zokhazikika kapena kuponderezedwa kwakufa kukuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 2.1

2. Mkuwa

Mofanana ndi aluminiyumu, mkuwa weniweni umagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha zotsatirazi

• 1) Mphamvu yamagetsi yamkuwa yoyera ndiyokwera kwambiri (5.8 x 105 /ohm/cm) mwanjira yake yoyera. Chidetso chilichonse chaching'ono chimachepetsa ma conductivity kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, 0. 1% phosphorous amachepetsa madutsidwe ndi 40%.
• 2) Ili ndi matenthedwe apamwamba kwambiri (0. 92 cal/cm/C)
• 3) Ndi heavy metal (enieni mphamvu yokoka 8.93)
• 4) Ikhoza kugwirizanitsidwa mosavuta ndi kusungunula
• 5) Imalimbana ndi dzimbiri,
• 6) Ili ndi mtundu wosangalatsa.

Mkuwa woyera umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga waya wamagetsi, mipiringidzo ya mabasi, zingwe zotumizira, machubu a firiji ndi mapaipi.

The makina zimatha mkuwa mu chikhalidwe chake choyera si zabwino kwambiri. Ndi yofewa komanso yofooka. Iwo akhoza alloyed mopindulitsa kusintha makina katundu. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinki, malata, lead ndi phosphorous.

Ma aloyi amkuwa ndi zinc amatchedwa mkuwa. Ndi zinc zomwe zili ndi 39%, mkuwa umapanga gawo limodzi (α-phase). Zosakaniza zoterezi zimakhala ndi ductility kwambiri. Mtundu wa alloy umakhala wofiira mpaka 20% ya zinc, koma kupitirira pamenepo umakhala wachikasu. Chigawo chachiwiri chapangidwe chotchedwa β-phase chimapezeka pakati pa 39 mpaka 46% ya zinki. Ndilo gulu la inter-metallic CuZn lomwe limayambitsa kuuma kowonjezereka. Mphamvu ya mkuwa imachulukirachulukira pamene manganese ndi faifi tambala ziwonjezeredwa.

Ma alloys amkuwa okhala ndi malata amatchedwa bronzes. Kuuma ndi kulimba kwa bronze kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa malata. Ductility imachepetsedwanso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa tini peresenti pamwamba pa 5. Pamene aluminiyumu iwonjezeredwa (4 mpaka 11%), alloy yomwe imatchedwa aluminium bronze, yomwe imakhala ndi kukana kwambiri kwa dzimbiri. Mkuwa ndi wokwera mtengo poyerekeza ndi mkuwa chifukwa cha malata omwe ndi chitsulo chokwera mtengo.

3. Zitsulo Zina Zopanda Ferrous

Zinc

Zinc imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu uinjiniya chifukwa cha kutentha kwake kochepa (419.4 C) komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri, komwe kumawonjezeka ndi kuyera kwa zinki. Kukaniza kwa dzimbiri kumayambitsidwa ndi mapangidwe a zotchingira zoteteza oxide pamwamba. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za zinki ndikupangira malata kuti ateteze zitsulo kuti zisawonongeke, m'makampani osindikizira komanso poponya.

Zoyipa za zinki ndi anisotropy yamphamvu yomwe imawonetsedwa pansi pamikhalidwe yopunduka, kusowa kwa kukhazikika kwaukalamba mukamakalamba, kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu pakutentha kocheperako komanso kutengeka ndi dzimbiri pakati pa granular. Sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito potumikira pamwamba pa kutentha kwa 95.C chifukwa chidzachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu zamakokedwe ndi kuuma.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kofala mu kufa castings ndi chifukwa kumafuna kutsika kwapansi, zomwe zimabweretsa moyo wapamwamba kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma alloys ena otaya imfa. Komanso, ili ndi makina abwino kwambiri. Mapeto omwe amapezedwa ndi zinc diecasting nthawi zambiri amakhala okwanira kuti atsimikizire kukonzanso kwina kulikonse, kupatula kuchotsedwa kwa kung'anima komwe kulipo mu ndege yotsatsira.

Magnesium

Chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kopepuka komanso mphamvu yabwino yamakina, ma aloyi a magnesium amagwiritsidwa ntchito mothamanga kwambiri. Kwa kuuma komweko, ma aloyi a magnesium amafunikira 37. 2% yokha ya kulemera kwa C25 chitsulo motero kupulumutsa kulemera. Zinthu ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aluminiyamu ndi zinc. Magnesium alloys amatha kuponyedwa mchenga, kuponya nkhungu kosatha kapena kufa. Makhalidwe a mchenga-cast magnesium alloy alloy ndi ofanana ndi omwe amapangidwa ndi nkhungu yokhazikika kapena zida zakufa. Ma alloys oponyera kufa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mkuwa wambiri kuti azitha kupangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zachiwiri kuti achepetse ndalama. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawilo agalimoto, ma crank kesi, ndi zina zambiri. Zomwe zili pamwambazi, ndizomwe zimapangidwira mphamvu zamakina opangidwa ndi magnesium monga zida zogubuduza ndi zopukutira. Magnesium alloys amatha kuwotcherera mosavuta ndi njira zambiri zowotcherera. Chinthu chothandiza kwambiri cha ma magnesium alloys ndi kuthekera kwawo kwakukulu. Iwo amangofunika za 15% ya mphamvu Machining poyerekeza otsika mpweya zitsulo.